A protagonist in a story (ዛንታ/zanta) with their own unique experience
A witness with their perception
Or a student of history with their assessment
A split-second occurrence
Or a day in the life of
Or an era spanning generations
At home or away into the wide unknowns
In a small hamlet or a town
In a village or the big city
Or crossing borders and high seas into nations
Periods of war and upheaval - or peace and calm
Spells of draught and famine - or lush and plenty
The dynamic indigenous or the curious alien
Eritrea was first defined as an entity as a colony of Italy in 1890. Prior to that, many of its territories were under different rules with borders and alliances that shifted constantly.
Temple ruins at Qohaito, an ancient trading post between Adulis and Aksum
As the Horn of Africa was strategically significant for trade, many kingdoms and empires vied to control many areas in the current-day Eritrea. Many native kingdoms were established and thrived while many invaders had always had their eyes on the area.
In antiquated history from around the 1st century AD, these trade routes are mentioned in a written account of a Greek traveler known as the “Periplus of the Erythraean Sea.” One of the mentioned in the account was Adulis, a well-developed ancient city and a trade hub on the Red Sea in the Gulf of Zula. It was linked to the D’mt and Aksumite empires at different times. Romans are said to have used it at some point.
Ruins of Byzantine basilica from 5th century at Adulis
The ancient Aksumite Empire rose south of current-day Eritrea and was linked through the trade posts and Adulis to the outside world. In its heyday in the 6th century, it dominated the region including modern-day Eritrea, northern Ethiopia, eastern Sudan, Yemen, and southern Saudi Arabia.
The Zagwe dynasty came to power with Aksum’s decline and is believed to have been centered in Lalibela in northern Ethiopia and dominated many parts of modern Eritrea.
The Abyssinian Empire rose after the Zagwe dynasty’s decline. During this time the coastal areas of modern Eritrea were under the Adal Sultanate of modern Somalia. The land between the sea and interior highlands was known as the Maekele Bahr, meaning between the Red Sea and the Mereb River. From this rose the autonomous Kingdom of Medri Bahri, the land by the sea, ruled by the Bahri Negassi (King of the Sea). The relationship with the Abyssinian Empire varied from time to time; from alliance or a tributary kingdom to rebellion and bloody conflicts.
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The Ottomans arrived in mid 16th century and occupied the the coastal areas developing the harbor city of Massawa. The kingdom of Medri Bahri, centered at Debarwa, was squeezed between the two empires, the Abyssinian to the south and southwest while the Ottomans from the east and northeast. Alliances of Medri Bahri would constantly switch between the empires, aligning itself with either side during clashes, including when fighting back the invasions of the Adal king Mohammad Gragn/Gurey from the southeast.
Italian colonial map of Eritrea
The capital of Medri Bahri, also known now as Mereb Mellash (land bordered by the Mereb River) eventually moved to the rising power of the house of Tsazega, in the central highlands of modern Eritrea. The relationship with the Abyssinian Empire (alliance, rebellion or tributary) continued to change from time to time, just as within the Empire itself where kingdoms started to vie to usurp the crown and move the throne away from Gonder, where it was historically seated. The power of the emperor of Abyssinia became nominal with more powerful princes and warlords rising in the Age of Princes (ዘመነ መሳፍንት) where many brutal raids and pillaging occurred in Mereb Mellash.
[The Ottomans appointed the Naib of Massawa to rule over the coastal areas of modern Eritrea. In the mid 19th century, the Ottomans assigned most of their empire on the Red Sea to their autonomous tributary, the [Khedive of Egypt. The Egyptians would make many attempts to control Mereb Mellash which were unsuccessful.
As the emperorship moved from Gondar (Tewodros II) to Tigray (Yohannes IV) to Showa (Menelik II), Mereb Mellash was being raided from both the sea by Ottoman Egypt and land by Abyssinia. Yohannes fought the Egyptians in several battles, even defeating them in some, but he couldn’t dislodge them from the northern highlands of Bogos (currently in the area around the city of Keren) nor the coastal lowlands to the east. He also could not fully control the rebellious house of Hazega which sought to rule Mereb Mellash. Raesi Woldemichael Solomon led the rebellion.
The Scramble for Africa brought European colonial interest in Africa with the opening of the Suez Canal, bringing more attention to the coastal lands of Mereb Melash. Italy bought a piece of land in Assab, the southern extreme of modern Eritrea, and started expanding northward. It reached Massawa with the decline of the power of the Khedive of Egypt. With Yohannes IV’s demise in a battle with the Sudanese Mahdists at Metema, they took advantage of the vacuum and expanded to the interior taking more land from local chiefs, imprisoning many in the Nakura Islands and killing many in the process. Degiat Bahta Hagos Segeneiti led a rebellion against the Italians unsuccessfully.
Menelik II, the new emperor of Ethiopia, stopped further Italian expansion into his territories using treaties and by waging war against them in several battles, the significant of which was the Battle of Adwa](/battle-of-adwa/). He signed treaties with them agreeing to terms that outlined territories occupied by the Italians would remain as their colony which included modern Eritrea’s coastal plains, central and northern highlands and western lowlands bordering Sudan. Mereb Mellash would be included in the new colony.
Italy declares the establishment of the Colony of Eritrea on January 1, 1890.
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